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Io, the Io Server

The Io server handles all platform devices and resources such as I/O memory, ports (on x86) and interrupts, and grants access to those to clients.

Upon startup Io discovers all platform devices using available means on the system, e.g. on x86 the PCI bus is scanned and the ACPI subsystem initialised. Available I/O resource can also be configured via configuration scripts.

Io's configuration consists of two parts:

- the description of the real hardware
- the description of virtual buses

Both descriptions represent a hierarchical (tree) structure of device nodes. Where each device has a set of resources attached to it. And a device that has child devices can be considered a bus.

## Hardware Description

The hardware description represents the devices that are available on the particular platform including their resource descriptions, such as MMIO regions, IO-Port regions, IRQs, bus numbers etc.

The root of the hardware devices is formed by a system bus device (accessible in the configuration via Io.system_bus()). As mentioned before, platforms that support methods for device discovery may populate the hardware description automatically, for example from ACPI. On platforms that do not have support for such methods you have to specify the hardware description by hand. A simple example for this is x86-legacy.devs.

## Virtual Bus Description

Each Io server client is provided with its own virtual bus which it can iterate to find devices. A virtual PCI bus may be a part of this virtual bus.

IO Service Architecture Overview

The Io server must be configured to create virtual buses for its clients.

This is done with at least one configuration file specifying static resources as well as virtual buses for clients. The configuration may be split across several configuration files passed to Io through the command line.

To allow clients access to available devices, a virtual system bus needs to be created that lists the devices and their resources that should be available to that client. The names of the buses correspond to the capabilities given to Io in its launch configuration.

A very simple configuration for Io could look like this:

-- vim:ft=lua
-- Example configuration for io
-- Configure two platform devices to be known to io
Io.Dt.add_children(Io.system_bus(), function()
-- create a new hardware device called "FOODEVICE"
FOODEVICE = Io.Hw.Device(function()
-- set the compatibility IDs for this device
-- a client tries to match against these IDs and configures
-- itself accordingly
-- the list should be sorted from specific to less specific IDs
compatible = {"dev-foo,mmio", "dev-foo"};
-- set the 'hid' property of the device, the hid can also be used
-- as a compatible ID when matching clients
Property.hid = "dev-foo,Example";
-- note: names for resources are truncated to 4 letters and a client
-- can determine the name from the ID field of a l4vbus_resource_t
-- add two resources 'irq0' and 'reg0' to the device
Resource.irq0 = Io.Res.irq(17);
Resource.reg0 = Io.Res.mmio(0x6f000000, 0x6f007fff);
end);
-- create a new hardware device called "BARDEVICE"
BARDEVICE = Io.Hw.Device(function()
-- set the compatibility IDs for this device
-- a client tries to match against these IDs and configures
-- itself accordingly
-- the list should be sorted from specific to less specific IDs
compatible = {"dev-bar,mmio", "dev-bar"};
-- set the 'hid' property of the device, the hid can also be used
-- as a compatible ID when matching clients
Property.hid = "dev-bar,Example";
-- Specify that this device is able to use direct memory access (DMA).
-- This is needed to allow clients to gain access to DMA addresses
-- used by this device to directly access memory.
Property.flags = Io.Hw_device_DF_dma_supported;
-- note: names for resources are truncated to 4 letters and a client
-- can determine the name from the ID field of a l4vbus_resource_t
-- add three resources 'irq0', 'irq1', and 'reg0' to the device
Resource.irq0 = Io.Res.irq(19);
Resource.irq1 = Io.Res.irq(20);
Resource.reg0 = Io.Res.mmio(0x6f100000, 0x6f100fff);
end);
end);
Io.add_vbusses
{
-- Create a virtual bus for a client and give access to FOODEVICE
client1 = Io.Vi.System_bus(function ()
dev = wrap(Io.system_bus():match("dev-foo,mmio"));
end);
-- Create a virtual bus for another client and give it access to BARDEVICE
client2 = Io.Vi.System_bus(function ()
dev = wrap(Io.system_bus():match("dev-bar,Example"));
end);
}

Each device supports a 'compatible' property. It is a list of compatibility strings. A client matches itself against one (or multiple) compatibility IDs and configures itself accordingly. All other device members are handled according to their type. If the type is a resource (Io.Res) it is added as a named resource. Note that resource names are truncated to 4 letters and are stored in the ID field of a l4vbus_resource_t. If the type is a device it is added as a child device to the current one. All other types are treated as a device property which can be used to configure a device driver. Right now, device properties are internal to Io only.

## Matching and Assigning PCI Devices

Assigning clients PCI devices could look like this:

-- This is a configuration snippet for PCI device selection
local hw = Io.system_bus();
Io.add_vbusses
{
pciclient = Io.Vi.System_bus(function ()
PCI = Io.Vi.PCI_bus(function ()
pci_mm = wrap(hw:match("PCI/CC_04"));
pci_net = wrap(hw:match("PCI/CC_02"));
pci_storage = wrap(hw:match("PCI/CC_01"));
end)
end)
}

The "PCI/" is followed by a bus-specific ID string. The format of the PCI ID string may be one of the following:

- PCI/CC_cc
- PCI/CC_ccss
- PCI/CC_ccsspp
- PCI/VEN_vvvv
- PCI/DEV_dddd
- PCI/SUBSYS_ssssssss
- PCI/REV_rr
- PCI/ADR_xxxx:xx:xx.x

Where:

- cc is the hexadecimal representation of the class code byte
- ss is the hexadecimal representation of the subclass code byte
- pp is the hexadecimal representation of the programming interface byte
- vvvv is the hexadecimal representation of the vendor ID
- dddd is the hexadecimal representation of the device ID
- ssssssss is the hexadecimal representation of the subsystem ID
- rr is the hexadecimal representation of the revision byte
- xxxx:xx:xx.x is the bus address in PCI nomenclature

As a special extension Io supports replacing the ID string with a human-readable common PCI class name. The following table gives an overview of the names known to Io and their respective PCI class and subclass.

Common Name | Description | PCI ID string
--- | --- | ---
storage | Mass storage controller | CC_01
scsi | SCSI storage controller | CC_0100
ide | IDE interface | CC_0101
floppy | Floppy disk controller | CC_0102
raid | RAID bus controller | CC_0104
ata | ATA controller | CC_0105
sata | SATA controller | CC_0106
sas | Serial attached SCSI controller | CC_0107
nvm | Non-volatile memory controller | CC_0108
- | - | -
network | Network controller | CC_02
ethernet | Ethernet controller | CC_0200
token_ring | Token ring network controller | CC_0201
fddi | FDDI network controller | CC_0202
atm | ATM network controller | CC_0203
isdn | ISDN controller | CC_0204
picmg | PICMG controller | CC_0206
net_infiniband | Infiniband controller | CC_0207
fabric | Fabric controller | CC_0208
network_nw | Network controller e.g. Wifi | CC_0280
- | - | -
display | Display controller | CC_03
vga | VGA compatible controller | CC_0300
xga | XGA compatible controller | CC_0301
- | - | -
media | Multimedia controller | CC_04
mm_video | Multimedia video controller | CC_0400
mm_audio | Multimedia audio controller | CC_0401
telephony | Computer telephony device | CC_0402
audio | Audio device | CC_0403
- | - | -
bridge | Bridge | CC_06
br_host | Host bridge | CC_0600
br_isa | ISA bridge | CC_0601
br_eisa | EISA bridge | CC_0602
br_microchannel | MicroChannel bridge | CC_0603
br_pci | PCI bridge | CC_0604
br_pcmcia | PCMCIA bridge | CC_0605
br_nubus | NuBus bridge | CC_0606
br_cardbus | CardBus bridge | CC_0607
br_raceway | RACEway bridge | CC_0608
br_semi_pci | Semi-transparent PCI-to-PCI bridge | CC_0609
br_infiniband_to_pci | InfiniBand to PCI host bridge | CC_060a
- | - | -
com | Communication controller | CC_07
com_serial | Serial controller | CC_0700
com_parallel | Parallel controller | CC_0701
com_multiport_ser | Multiport serial controller | CC_0702
com_modem | Modem | CC_0703
com_gpib | GPIB controller | CC_0704
com_smart_card | Smart card controller | CC_0705
- | - | -
serial_bus | Serial bus controller | CC_0c
firewire | FireWire (IEEE 1394) | CC_0c00
access_bus | ACCESS bus | CC_0c01
ssa | SSA | CC_0c02
usb | USB controller | CC_0c03
fibre_channel | Fibre channel | CC_0c04
smbus | SMBus | CC_0c05
bus_infiniband | InfiniBand | CC_0c06
ipmi_smic | IPMI SMIC interface | CC_0c07
sercos | SERCOS interface | CC_0c08
canbus | CAN bus | CC_0c09
- | - | -
wireless | Wireless controller | CC_0d
bluetooth | Bluetooth | CC_0d11
w_8021a | 802.1a controller | CC_0d20
w_8021b | 802.1b controller | CC_0d21

### Strong Matching of PCI Devices

If more specific matching of PCI devices is required it is possible to concatenate multiple ID strings using &. An example where a specific device from a specific vendor at a fixed bus address is matched would use the string PCI/VEN_vvvv&DEV_dddd&ADR_xxxx:xx:xx.x.

### Isolation of PCIe devices

PCIe encodes device communication with a network-like protocol with destination headers and packet fragmentation allowing a devices to talk directly to other devices. This potentially works against security boundaries for a system. E.g. two network cards could exchange packets and thereby leak information from one security domain to the other without involvement of the OS.

PCIe introduced an optional capability named PCI Access Control Services (PCI/ACS) to control communication between PCIe devices.

With PCI/ACS it is possible to restrict inter-device communication between PCIe devices.

PCI/ACS is optional and for Intel chipsets, it is usually only implemented on high-end PCI platform controller hubs (PCHs), and is missing on low-end and mobile PCHs. On some Intel-PCHs there exist facilities that allow for similar isolation.

If IO encounters a supported PCH, it will enable those facilities in order to enforce device isolation.

## Command Line Options

The Io Server supports the following optional parameters:

    [--verbose|v] [--transparent-msi] [--trace <trace_mask>] [--acpi-debug-level <debug_level>] [config_files]

- verbose|v

  By default, error debug messages are enabled. This option increments the verboseness level, and can be applied multiple times to reach the desired debug level. The available debug levels are ordered as: DBG_ERR (default, level 1), DBG_WARN, DBG_INFO, DBG_DEBUG, DBG_DEBUG2 and DBG_ALL (level 6).

- transparent-msi

  Enable MSI on PCI devices which support this feature. This is transparent to clients, as there are no changes in the API used to interact with PCI device via interrupts.

- acpi-debug-level <level_mask>

  Set the ACPI debug level. The <level_mask> is a mask that selects components of interest for debugging. It can be constructed from the ACPI debug constants defined in the linux kernel, see ACPI Debug Output for details. By default, the ACPI debug level is set to ACPI_LV_INIT | ACPI_LV_TABLES | ACPI_LV_VERBOSE_INFO.

- trace <trace_mask>

  Enable tracing of events matching trace_mask. The only supported trace mask is 1 and this matches ACPI events.

- config_files

  Space separated list of Lua configuration files specifying real hardware and virtual buses. See example on Virtual Bus Description.